When a subcontractor or vendor refuses to provide a signed Form W-9 before payment, or when the IRS issues a CP2100 / CP2100A TIN Mismatch Notice, IRC § 3406 requires the payer to withhold 24% federal backup withholding and remit it on Form 945, or become personally liable for the unwithheld tax plus IRC § 6721/6722 penalties (up to $660 per return).
IRC § 3406 Check Release vs. Backup Withholding Math